References

The references associated with the book “Painted Science” can be found below. The overview below is regularly updated or supplemented by the author.

References are listed in order of the page numbering of the book.

Comments on the references are very welcome. Please use the contact form to submit suggestions to the author.

Mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedean_solid

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pacioli/

https://www.storyofmathematics.com/19th_gauss.html/

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gauss/

 

Anatomy

https://www.auladeanatomia.com/en/anatomia/431/history-of-anatomy

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21509810/

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/r5gsqhwk/images?id=qcwk5am9

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mondino-de-Luzzi

 

Alchemy

https://www.mauritshuis.nl/ontdek-collectie/kunstwerken/261-de-alchemist/

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/alchemist

https://www.worldhistory.org/Alchemy/

 

Osteology

http://gurneyjourney.blogspot.com/2021/05/science-is-measurement.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science_is_measurement_Stacy_Marks.jpg

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/osteology

https://hart.amsterdam/nl/collectie/object/amcollect/38497

 

Geography

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Evolution-of-Geography_33738/#:~:text=The%20development%20of%20geography%20can,3)%20The%20period%20after%201950.&text=Geography%20had%20evolved%20over%20a%20long%20period%20of%20time.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geographer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography

https://www.thoughtco.com/alexander-von-humboldt-1435029

 

Astronomy

https://aeon.co/essays/how-european-sailors-learned-celestial-navigation

http://www.essentialvermeer.com/dutch-painters/dutch_art/leeuwenhoek.html

https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/astronomer-by-candlelight-gerrit-dou/jgGoA4yy8adYug?hl=en

 

Bologna University

http://www.panopticondibologna.it/Luoghi/museo-medievale/Tombe%20dottori/tombe-dottori-.html

https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/iv1-lectures

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna

https://historiana.eu/historical-content/source-collections/bologna-and-the-rise-of-medieval-universities

Oxford University

https://www.ox.ac.uk/

https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/Oxford-at-the-Olympics

https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history

https://www.oxford-royale.com/articles/amazing-oxford-traditions/

https://artvee.com/dl/a-view-of-oxford/

 

Cambridge University

https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/degree-ceremonies/ceremony

https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/early-records

 

Salamanca University

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Salamanca

https://alumni.usal.es/en/comunidad/historia-de-la-usal/

https://www.acton.org/publications/transatlantic/2017/10/09/connection-between-columbus-day-and-school-salamanca

 

Sorbonne University

https://en.parisinfo.com/paris-museum-monument/72515/Chapelle-de-la-Sorbonne

https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/48631   

https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/en#:~:text=By%20joining%20our%20community%20of,the%20best%20in%20multidisciplinary%20teaching.

 

Leiden University

http://nl.wikisage.org/wiki/Universiteit_Leiden

https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2019/07/how-leiden-became-the-wonder-of-europe

https://www.wearefreemovers.com/universities/leiden-university/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University_Library

 

Pythagoras

https://www.rct.uk/collection/403500/pythagoras-advocating-vegetarianism

https://compassionatespirit.com/wpblog/2022/04/04/fish-stories-about-pythagoras/

https://vegsoc.org/about-us/world-history-of-vegetarianism/

https://www.livescience.com/pythagoras

https://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/pythag/pythag.html

 

Socrates

https://www.thecollector.com/alcibiades-general-and-lover

https://www.thecollector.com/what-is-plato-symposium-ancient-greek-socrates/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_problem

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Socrates

http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-the-trial-and-death-of-socrates/#gsc.tab=0

Hippocrates

https://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2013/06/should-physicians-treat-their-enemies.html

https://www.getty.edu/news/exhibition-rubens-inspiration-ancient-greece-rome/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4263393/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19567383/

https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/funny-science-hippocratic-medicine-and-four-humours

 

Aristotle

https://smarthistory.org/rembrandt-aristotle-homer/

https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle/

https://www.worldhistory.org/aristotle/

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/365943?journalCode=cp

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/famous-paintings/school-of-athens.htm

 

Euclid

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Euclid-Greek-mathematician

https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/108GV4

https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/who-was-euclid

https://explorable.com/euclid

 

Archimedes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Archimedes

https://www.worldhistory.org/Archimedes/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(213%E2%80%93212_BC)

 

Aelius Galen

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/nyc53zq3

https://www.greece-is.com/a-meeting-of-the-minds-hippocrates-galen/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galen

Flavio Gioja

https://dbpedia.org/page/Flavio_Gioja

https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/flavio-gioia-flavius-amalfitanus-in-his-study-using-the-magnetic-compass-126310

https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/2-magnetic-compass

https://www.dalvey.com/ca/blog/the-history-of-the-compass

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1650_Jansson_Wind_Rose,_Anemographic_Chart,_or_Map_of_the_Winds_-_Geographicus_-_Anemographica-jannson-1650.jpg

 

Johannes Gutenberg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press

https://www.livescience.com/43639-who-invented-the-printing-press.html

https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=280

https://random-treasure.com/2018/01/26/outmoded-but-not-quite-forgotten/

Leonardo da Vinci

https://innovation-entrepreneurship.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13731-017-0077-9

https://artincontext.org/the-vitruvian-man-da-vinci/

https://www.da-vinci-inventions.com/

https://www.historyhit.com/leonardo-da-vincis-most-important-inventions/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci

 

Gabriel Fallopius

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/p5xz7f8s/images?id=q4x8hyas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Falloppio

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29286023/

https://emh30.ace.fordham.edu/2018/12/06/syphilis-and-popular-renaissance-culture/

Nicolaus Copernicus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer_Copernicus,_or_Conversations_with_God

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy

Andreas Vesalius

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/the-history-of-evolutionary-thought/pre-1800/comparative-anatomy-andreas-vesalius/

https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/andreas-vesalius-1514-1564

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/Images/1200_pixels/Vesalius_Pg_164.jpg

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1002960

Gerard Mercator

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection

https://www.uu.nl/bijzondere-collecties/collecties/kaarten-en-atlassen/wereldkaarten-en-atlassen/de-atlas-van-mercator-en-hondius

https://www.uu.nl/en/special-collections/collections/maps-and-atlases/world-maps-and-atlases/the-world-atlas-by-ortelius

 

William Lee

https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Lee

https://www.thehistoryofart.org/william-adolphe-bouguereau/knitting-girl/

https://www.makersmercantile.com/history-of-knitting-a-resource-guide.htm

 

William Gilbert

https://physicsworld.com/a/william-gilbert-forgotten-genius/#:~:text=Gilbert%20carried%20out%20many%20other,cosmology%20of%20the%20rotating%20Earth.

https://www.studysmarter.us/explanations/history/elizabethan-era/queen-elizabeth-i/

https://www.new-science-theory.com/william-gilbert.php

 

Galileo Galilei

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei/Telescopic-discoveries

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_affair

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei

https://www.theflorentine.net/2017/12/04/john-milton-florence-italy/

 

William Harvey

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/wkue7n2w

https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Harvey

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15365594/

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/skj2d74p/images?id=jwpexqb8

 

René Descartes

http://www.cachecoins.org/christina_sweden.htm

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/

https://talonbooks.com/meta-talon/a-scene-queen-christina-and-descartes-on-love

 

Evalngelista Torricelli

https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/repairing-the-barometer-201955

https://www.softschools.com/inventions/history/barometer_history/20/

https://study.com/learn/lesson/what-is-a-barometer-function-history-uses.html

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0980-5#:~:text=Humboldt’s%20vision%20was%20that%20everything,1).

Robert Boyle and Otto von Guericke

https://www.britannica.com/technology/air-pump

http://physicsexperiments.eu/4304/magdeburg-hemispheres

https://sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/pumped-up/

https://targetstudy.com/knowledge/invention/33/air-pump.html

Blaise Pascal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_law

https://iep.utm.edu/pascal-b/

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/zpgq8m6z/images?id=pa89ty8v

https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/when-blaise-pascal-met-rene-descartes-1337242.html

 

Robert Hooke

https://theconversation.com/the-mystery-of-the-missing-portrait-of-robert-hooke-17th-century-scientist-extraordinaire-141681

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Hooke

https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/museum/history-and-stories/the-great-fire-of-london/

https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/blog/robert-hooke-rebuilding-london-after-great-fire

Christiaan Huygens

https://revolutionwatch.com/watches-in-art/

https://www.thoughtco.com/clock-and-calendar-history-1991475

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices

https://www.thehistoryofart.org/william-hogarth/miss-mary-edwards/

https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.32682.html

 

Isaac Newton

https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/master-isaac-newton-in-his-garden-at-woolsthorpe-in-the-autumn-of-1665-216055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton

https://www.biography.com/scientists/isaac-newton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon

Maria Sybilla Merian

https://www.botanicalartandartists.com/about-maria-sibylla-merian.html

https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=biofac

https://wams.nyhistory.org/early-encounters/dutch-colonies/maria-sibylla-merian/

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/v7rv44en/images?id=her9bevg

https://www.micropia.nl/nl/

https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Simarro_Lacabra

 

Edmond Halley

https://www.rct.uk/collection/407176/the-eve-of-the-deluge

https://www.rocketstem.org/2020/12/12/ice-and-stone-comet-of-week-51/

https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/magnetic-mr-halley

https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/89322/edmund-halleys-meteorologicalastronomical-winds-chart-halley

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet

 

John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey

https://www.mat.uc.pt/~helios/Mestre/Novemb00/H61iflan.htm

https://vanislemarina.com/the-sextant-a-celestial-navigation-tool/

https://oceannavigator.com/who-really-invented-the-sextant/

https://oceannavigator.com/who-really-invented-the-sextant/

 

Benjamin Franklin

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/franklin-flies-kite-during-thunderstorm#:~:text=On%20June%2010%2C%201752%2C%20Benjamin,connection%20between%20lightning%20and%20electricity.

https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/57044

http://www.benjamin-franklin-history.org/benjamin-franklin/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin

James Watt

https://www.britannica.com/technology/energy-conversion/Developments-of-the-Industrial-Revolution#ref45925

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Eckford_Lauder

https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-eckford-lauder

https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/steam-power/

Luigi Galvani

https://nationalmaglab.org/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/pioneers/luigi-galvani/

http://himetop.wikidot.com/luigi-galvani-esperimenti-sulla-rana-1862-by-a-muzzi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Galvani

Andrew Meikle

https://www.vita-romae.com/ancient-roman-mills.html

http://www.edubilla.com/invention/threshing-machine/

https://rootsofprogress.org/why-did-we-wait-so-long-for-the-threshing-machine

https://engineeringhalloffame.org/profile/andrew-meikle

Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfier_brothers

https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/joseph-michel-and-jacques-etienne-montgolfier

https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/first-hot-air-balloon-flight

https://www.space.com/16595-montgolfiers-first-balloon-flight.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta

Edward Jenner

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/nydcz5uy/images?id=jjcjzgku

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html

https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination

https://muslimheritage.com/lady-mary-wortley-montagu-and-the-introduction-of-smallpox-vaccination-to-england/

https://www.gutenberg.org/files/28456/28456-h/28456-h.htm#page263

Alessandro Volta

https://www.antichitafiorio.com/alessandro-volta-scienziato-modernoloredana-carena

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Volta

https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/biography/AlessandroVolta.html

https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k716466w

Robert Fulton

https://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/4012050685/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Fulton-American-inventor

https://study.com/learn/lesson/robert-fulton-biography-invention-steamboat.html

https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/technology-biographies/robert-fulton

Antoine and Marie Anne Lavoisier

https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier

https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jldv/hd_jldv.htm

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antoine-Lavoisier

https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/lavoisier.html

 

René Laennec

https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/110/1/9/2631738

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570491/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necker%E2%80%93Enfants_Malades_Hospital#History

 

William Henry Fox Talbot, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre 

https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tlbt/hd_tlbt.htm

https://upagallery.com/alternative-process/2014724photographys-parallel-histories/

https://www.academia.edu/37589428/Replacing_History_William_Henry_Fox_Talbot_In_Camera

https://eclecticlight.co/2018/02/09/the-tables-turned-painters-paint-photographers/

 

Michael Faraday

https://www.powermag.com/history-of-power-the-evolution-of-the-electric-generation-industry/

https://study.com/learn/lesson/michael-faraday-inventions-discoveries.html

https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-generator

https://homlib.wordpress.com/2018/12/07/faraday-and-the-christmas-lectures-the-chemical-history-of-a-candle/

Ada Lovelace

https://www.britannica.com/technology/digital-computer

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Babbage

https://www.mpg.de/female-pioneers-of-science/Ada-Lovelace

Charles Darwin

https://www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-voyage-of-the-beagle/chapter-10.html

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/hms-beagle-darwins-trip-around-world/

https://nomadict.org/how-tierra-del-fuego-shaped-our-early-thoughts-about-human-evolution/#:~:text=The%20HMS%20Beagle%2C%20approximately%20after,potential%20for%20improvement%20towards%20civilization.

 

William Morton

https://www.massgeneral.org/anesthesia/news/ether-175#:~:text=On%20October%2016%2C%201846%2C%20the,Building%20at%20Massachusetts%20General%20Hospital.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481552/#:~:text=Before%20the%20advent%20of%20anaesthetics,of%20dispassion%20and%20emotional%20detachment.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._G._Morton

 

Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481422/ 

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/xhfb4nab

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/quinine

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36410328/

Samuel Morse

https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.65.60

https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/men-of-progress-christian-schussele/RgEfRXyGyDY8EQ?hl=en

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-F-B-Morse

http://www.samuelmorse.net/

William Thomson, Lord Kelvin

https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/Baron-Kelvin-Of-Largs/

https://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/lord-kelvin/discoveries.html

https://nationalmaglab.org/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/pioneers/william-thomson-lord-kelvin/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lord-kelvin-1907-12-28/

https://atlantic-cable.com/CablePioneers/Kelvin/

 

Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister

https://www.theconflictjourney.com/2015/05/15/38-dr-semmelweis-conflict/

https://www.pastmedicalhistory.co.uk/ignaz-semmelweis-the-saviour-of-mothers/

https://jade-lennon.medium.com/why-dr-semmelweis-lost-his-mind-cc23f95821a3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister

Gregor Mendel

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/mendelian-inheritance-using-seeds-of-different-colours-sizes-of-any-plant

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/gregor-mendel-and-the-principles-of-inheritance-593/#:~:text=Mendel%20tested%20this%20idea%20of,1%20generation%20for%20the%20experiment.

https://www2.edc.org/weblabs/mendel/mendelsTeacherManual.html

Louis Pasteur

http://daredart.blogspot.com/p/albert-edelfelt-portrait-de-louis.html

https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/body.html

https://sciencehistory.org/education/scientific-biographies/louis-pasteur/

Dmitri Mendeleev

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/knowing-stars-elements/a/dmitri-mendeleev

https://www.newscientist.com/people/dmitri-mendeleev/

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/periodic-table-history-chemical-elements-150-anniversary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev

Karl Benz and Henry Ford

https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/carl-benz

https://corporate.ford.com/articles/history/the-model-t.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/1920s-america/a/1920s-consumption

https://amananjay.medium.com/how-henry-ford-revolutionized-the-assembly-line-a909152133a3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Casas_and_Pere_Romeu_in_an_Automobile

Thomas Edison

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Barraud

https://www.si.edu/object/thomas-alva-edison%3Anpg_NPG.65.23

https://www.canterburymuseum.com/explore/our-stories/his-masters-voice

https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-sound-recordings/history-of-the-cylinder-phonograph/

 

Aimé Argand and Thomas Edison

https://www.norwegianamerican.com/harriet-backer-a-gifted-determined-artist/

https://www.fi.edu/en/history-resources/edisons-lightbulb#:~:text=By%20January%201879%2C%20at%20his,for%20a%20few%20short%20hours.

https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-light-bulb

https://www.history.com/news/when-edison-turned-night-into-day

 

Guglielmo Marconi

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/guglielmo-marconi

https://study.com/learn/lesson/guglielmo-marconi-inventions-biography-radio.html

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1909/marconi/facts/

 

Alexander Graham Bell

https://lettersofnote.com/2023/03/10/mr-watson-come-here-i-want-to-see-you/#:~:text=On%20March%2010th%2C%201876%2C%20still,to%20his%20father%20hours%20later.

https://www.vice.com/de/article/a37dxe/seht-ihr-in-diesem-gemalde-von-1860-auch-eine-frau-die-ein-iphone-halt

http://www.telcomhistory.org/resources/online-exhibits/telephone-company-histories/

https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/2.6/alexander-graham-bell-and-bell-telephone-co.-1873-1878/

Marie Curie

https://www.britannica.com/video/201446/World-War-I-Marie-Curie-labs-fleet

https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/marie-curie

https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/unstable.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize#Family_laureates

 

Wilhelm Röntgen

https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200111/history.cfm

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/perspectives/

https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/physics/wilhelm-rontgen-and-the-rays-that-changed-our-view-of-the-world/

Wright brothers and Alberto Santos Dumont

https://www.greekmyths-greekmythology.com/myth-of-daedalus-and-icarus/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmail

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers

https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/1903-wright-flyer/nasm_A19610048000

https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200407/history.cfm

https://econterms.net/aero/Alberto_Santos-Dumont

Alexander Fleming

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/fleming/biographical/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Fleming

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/209536

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520913/

 

Marco Polo

https://gohighbrow.com/marco-polo-1254-1324/

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection/a/marco-polo

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marco-Polo

https://www.livescience.com/27513-marco-polo.html

 

Cristopher Columbus

https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/fbb06e57-759f-43c2-bf3b-792cee697ee2/external_content.pdf

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3818081

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/columbus-sets-sail/

https://academic.oup.com/book/36754/chapter-abstract/321855123?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false

https://www.sartle.com/artwork/the-return-of-christopher-columbus-eugene-delacroix

https://www.sartle.com/artwork/columbus-before-the-queen-emanuel-leutze

Vasco da Gama

https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/modern-world-history/portuguese-east-indies/

https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2021-11-15_151046.html

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2025/the-portuguese-conquest-of-india/

Da Gama’s Blundering: Trade Encounters in Africa and Asia during the European ‘Age of Discovery,’ 1450-1520

Robert S. Wolff

Ferdinand Magellan

https://www.zvab.com/karten/DISCOVERY-STRAITS-MAGELLAN-1520%C2%92-Fernando-Magellanes/11581326454/bd#&gid=1&pid=1

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Strait_of_Magellan

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Magellan

Robert Wood and James Dawkins

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0059#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%20since%20Pliny’s%20Naturalis,members%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society.

https://www.19thcenturyart-facos.com/artwork/wood-and-dawkins-discovering-palmyra

https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/23/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zenobia

James Cook

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Endeavour#Outward_voyage

https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/hms-endeavour-250.html

https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/first-voyage-of-james-cook

https://www.bl.uk/the-voyages-of-captain-james-cook/articles/the-third-voyage-of-james-cook

 

David Livingstone

https://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/l-m/livingstone-david-1813-1873/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Livingstone

https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/05/27/they-found-source-nile-became-lifelong-enemies/

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/henry-morton-stanleys-unbreakable-will-99405/

https://www.history.com/news/when-stanley-met-livingstone

 

The Windmill

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical-axis_wind_turbine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panemone_windmill

https://www.molens.nl/ontdek-molens/soorten-molens

http://www.artweekenders.com/europe/the-netherlands/zaanstad/zaanse-schans-windmills-dutch-art/

 

Glass Blowing

https://www.britannica.com/technology/glassblowing

https://mymodernmet.com/history-of-glass-making/

https://europeforvisitors.com/venice/articles/murano_the_glass_island.htm

 

Spectacles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby_lenses#:~:text=The%20Visby%20lenses%20are%20a,the%2011th%20or%2012th%20century.

https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_da_Modena

https://www.scribd.com/document/84929847/Pinhole-Glasses

Gunpowder and Dynamite

https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/gunpowder-plot-what-history-behind-bonfire-night#:~:text=The%20Gunpowder%20Plot%20was%20a,establish%20Catholic%20rule%20in%20England.

https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/gunpowder-plot

https://www.britannica.com/technology/gunpowder

https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/nitroglycerine-and-dynamite/

 

The Plough

https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-plow-1992324#:~:text=Charles%20Newbold%20and%20David%20Peacock,plow%20in%20June%20of%201797.

https://interestingengineering.com/lists/ancient-egyptian-technology-and-inventions

https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/science-and-technology/ploughs/#:~:text=The%20Rotherham%20plough%20was%20handled,reducing%20the%20cost%20for%20farmers.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughing_in_the_Nivernais

 

Blood Transfusion

https://nyamcenterforhistory.org/tag/blood-transfusion/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blundell_%28physician%29

https://www.the-scientist.com/reading-frames/opinion-what-the-history-of-blood-transfusion-reveals-about-risk-69105

 

The Thermometer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_%28painting%29

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586218/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria

https://time.com/6053214/thermometer-history/

The Bicycle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Londonderry

http://www.bicyclehistory.net/bicycle-history/history-of-bicycle/

https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-invention-of-the-bicycle-inpi/mwXRBYATtgPOLg?hl=en

https://evelo.com/pages/history-of-the-bicycle

The Steam Locomotive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive

https://www.christies.com/features/Steam-trains-in-art-10279-1.aspx#:~:text=It%20didn’t%20take%20British,with%20sentiment%20and%20picaresque%20comedy.

https://www.railwaymuseum.org.uk/node/13296

https://heritage.stockton.gov.uk/articles/stories/stockton-where-passenger-railways-began/

Tulip Mania

https://www.mauritshuis.nl/ontdek-collectie/kunstwerken/146-de-anatomische-les-van-dr-nicolaes-tulp/

http://drtulp.nl/history-of-dr-tulp/

https://www.beursgeschiedenis.nl/en/moment/first-rules-for-share-trading/

 

The Philosopher’s Stone

https://www.greeka.com/greece-myths/king-midas/

https://www.theoi.com/articles/important-facts-about-king-midas-daughter-marigold/

 https://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/the-alchymist-in-search-of-the-philosophers-stone-exhibited-1771/

https://www.derbymuseums.org/collection/joseph-wright-of-derby/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophers-stone

 

First Academic Societies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences

https://www.rct.uk/collection/400747/the-academicians-of-the-royal-academy

https://www.reseau-canope.fr/docsciences/Colbert-presente-a-Louis-XIV-les.html

https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/2004ESASP1278..157V/0000160.000.html

https://artsandculture.google.com/story/meet-the-founders-of-the-royal-academy/GQXRdnTqXTAJIg

https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/the-royal-academicians-in-general-assembly-1

 

The Orrery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Philosopher_Lecturing_on_the_Orrery

https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32948

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonia_Macrocosmica

 

Railroad Construction

https://archive.org/details/russia00dobsrich/page/314/mode/1up?view=theater

https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14765661255/

https://www.american-rails.com/crpcf.html

https://railroad.lindahall.org/essays/brief-history.html

http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/1801-1900/the-iron-horse/the-central-pacific-and-union-pacific-railroads.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Trans-Siberian-Railroad

 

Bloodletting

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/qu34g4zt

https://www.skillsplatform.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-phlebotomy/

https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/master-paintings-part-i-n09302/lot.58.html

https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-mysterious-death-of-george-washington#:~:text=That%20night%2C%20Washington%20woke%20his,blood%20loss%20of%2040%20percent.

 

The American Medical Association

https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/portrait-of-dr-samuel-d-gross-the-gross-clinic/tQFcdDEg20osqg?hl=en-GB

https://journals.lww.com/aosopen/fulltext/2022/03000/the_history_of_surgical_education_in_the_united.38.aspx

 

Red Cross

https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/misc/57jnvq.htm

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/dunant/biographical/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Dunant

 

Fraud in Science

https://gslpicturelibrary.org.uk/discussion-on-the-piltdown-skull/

^{https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/solving-the-piltdown-man-scientific-fraud/}

Quackery: A Brief History of Quack Medicines & Peddlers

 

The Tranatlantic cable

https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-14853

https://ethw.org/Transatlantic_Cable?gclid=Cj0KCQjwwISlBhD6ARIsAESAmp7-SAOEeW-soPNTX9KPE3pReDStFU_nSbX3mr0L-E8C88rWt3BVv3waAgBUEALw_wcB

https://www.britannica.com/technology/transatlantic-cable 

https://ethw.org/Milestones:Landing_of_the_Transatlantic_Cable,_1866

Science and religion

https://useum.org/artwork/Philosophy-and-Christian-Art-Daniel-Huntington

https://biologos.org/common-questions/are-science-and-christianity-at-war

https://collections.lacma.org/node/236746

 

Mathematics

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pacioli.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg

 

Anatomy

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mundinus_V0018153.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vesalius_Fabrica_fronticepiece.jpg

 

Alchemy

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_alchemist,_by_David_Teniers_(II).jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L%27alchimiste_-_David_Teniers_the_Younger.png

 

Osteology

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolaes_Eliasz._Pickenoy_The_Osteology_Lesson_of_Dr._Sebastiaen_Egbertsz.jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science_is_measurement_Stacy_Marks.jpg

 

Geography

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Geographer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eratosthenes_Teaching_in_Alexandria_%28Bernardo_Strozzi,_Montreal%29.jpg

 

Astronomy

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Astronomer_-_WGA24685.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dou_Astronomer-by-candlelight.jpg

 

Bologna University

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4t_Bologna_Deutsche_Nation.jpg

 

Oxford University

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Turner_of_Oxford_-_A_View_of_Oxford_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:High_Street,_Oxford_(painting),_by_Turner_(1810)_crop.jpg

 

Cambridge University

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clare_Hall,_Turner_1793.jpeg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Westall_%281781-1850%29_-_King%27s_College_and_Clare_College,_Cambridge,_from_the_River_Cam_-_515481_-_National_Trust.jpg

 

Salamanca University

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Class_at_Salamanca.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christophe_Colomb_devant_le_conseil_de_Salamanque_-_Emanuel_Leutze_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.jpg

 

Sorbonne University

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richelieu_examinant_les_plans_de_la_Sorbonne,_Marcel_Baschet.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_of_doctors_at_the_university_of_Paris.jpg

 

Leiden University

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leiden_1610.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_graduation_ceremony_at_Leiden_University_about_1650,_by_Hendrick_van_der_Burgh.jpg

 

Pythagoras

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28Siegen_1577_-_Antwerp_1640%29_%5E_Frans_Snyders_%28Antwerp_1579_-_Antwerp_1657%29_-_Pythagoras_Advocating_Vegetarianism_-_RCIN_403500_-_Royal_Collection.jpg

 

Socrates

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alcibades_being_taught_by_Socrates,_Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Vincent.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Death_of_Socrates_MET_DT40.jpg

 

Hippocrates

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocrate_refusant_les_pr%C3%A9sents_d%27Artaxerx%C3%A8s_(original).JPG

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocrates_rubens.jpg

 

Aristotle

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_Aristotle_with_a_Bust_of_Homer_-_WGA19232.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg

 

Euclid

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jusepe_de_Ribera_-_Euclid_-_2001.26_-_J._Paul_Getty_Museum.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Marol%C3%AC_-_Euclid_of_Megara.jpg

 

Archimedes

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Death_of_Archimedes_(1815)_by_Thomas_Degeorge.png

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg

 

Aelius Galen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates#/media/File:Galenoghippokrates.jpg

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/nyc53zq3

 

Flavio Gioja

https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/flavio-gioia-flavius-amalfitanus-in-his-study-using-the-magnetic-compass-126310

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1650_Jansson_Wind_Rose,_Anemographic_Chart,_or_Map_of_the_Winds_-_Geographicus_-_Anemographica-jannson-1650.jpg

 

Johannes Gutenberg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caxton_Showing_the_First_Specimen_of_His_Printing_to_King_Edward_IV_at_the_Almonry,_Westminster.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:De_uitvinding_van_de_boekdrukkunst,_Corneille_Seghers,_schilderij,_Museum_Plantin-Moretus_%28Antwerpen%29_-_MPM_V_IV_083.jpg

 

Leonardo da Vinci

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_retrata_a_la_Gioconda,_por_Cesare_Maccari.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg

 

Gabriel Fallopius

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22Gabriel_Falloppius_explaining_one_of_his_discoveries_to_the_Wellcome_V0017858.jpg 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrerSyphilis1496.jpg?uselang=de

 

Nicolaus Copernicus

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Matejko-Astronomer_Copernicus-Conversation_with_God.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg

 

Andreas Vesalius

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Andre_Vesale_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vesalius-copy.jpg

 

Gerard Mercator

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gerardo_Mercatore_-_Gerardus_Mercator.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Bellemans_-_Mercator_And_Ortelius.jpg

 

William Lee

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Knitting_Woman_painting_by_William-Adolphe_Bouguereau.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KnittingMadonna.jpg

 

William Gilbert

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Gilbert_demonstrating_the_magnet_before_Queen_Elizab_Wellcome_V0018144.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glindoni_John_Dee_performing_an_experiment_before_Queen_Elizabeth_I.jpg

 

Galileo Galilei

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galileo_before_the_Holy_Office_-_Joseph-Nicolas_Robert-Fleury,_1847.png

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Milton_visiting_Galileo_when_a_prisoner_of_the_Inquisition._Wellcome_L0025611.jpg

 

William Harvey

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Harvey_demonstrating_his_theory_of_circulation_of_Wellcome_V0018138.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Harvey_(1578-1657)_Venenbild.jpg

 

René Descartes

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dispute_of_Queen_Cristina_Vasa_and_Rene_Descartes.png

 

Evangelista Torricelli

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evangelista_Torricelli_by_Lorenzo_Lippi_(circa_1647,_Galleria_Silvano_Lodi_%26_Due).jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_von_Humboldt_and_Mother.jpg

 

Robert Boyle and Otto von Guericke

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_Experiment_on_a_Bird_in_an_Air_Pump_by_Joseph_Wright_of_Derby,_1768.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Shannon_Portrait_of_the_Hon_Robert_Boyle.jpg

 

 

Blaise Pascal

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/zpgq8m6z

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sc%C3%A8ne_repr%C3%A9sentant_Pascal_en_compagnie_de_D%C3%A9sargues_et_du_P%C3%A8re_Mersenne,_place_Royale,_en_1643.jpg

 

Robert Hooke

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Mathematician_1680c.jpg?uselang=fr

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Fire_London.jpg

 

Christiaan Huygens

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Family_Portrait_A12444.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Miss_Mary_Edwards_-_Hogarth_1742.jpg

 

Isaac Newton

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Newton-WilliamBlake.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pelagio_Palagi_-_Newton%27s_Discovery_of_the_Refraction_of_Light_-_WGA16864.jpg

 

Maria Sybilla Merian

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bildnis_der_Maria_Sibylla_Merian,_1679.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Sibylla_Merian-Metamorphosis-Uni_bib_Utrecht_MAG_AB_352_Rariora_11.jpg

 

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leeuwenhoek_with_his_microscope._Oil_painting_by_Ernest_Boar_Wellcome_V0018134.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Dr_Simarro_at_the_microscope.JPG

 

Edmond Halley

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lieve_Verschuier_-_Staartster_(komeet)_boven_Rotterdam_-_11028-A-B_-_Museum_Rotterdam.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Martin_-_The_Eve_of_the_Deluge_-_WGA14146.jpg

 

John Hadley, Thomas Godfrey

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pietro_Narducci,_Ritratto_di_Barnaba_Oriani,_1830.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WinslowHomer-Eight_Bells_1886.jpg

 

Benjamin Franklin

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_West,_English_(born_America)_-_Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/benjamin-franklin

 

James Watt

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Eckford_Lauder_-_James_Watt_and_the_Steam_Engine-_the_Dawn_of_the_Nineteenth_Century_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:T1-_d091_-_James_Watt_-_perfectionnement_de_la_machine_de_Newcomen.png

 

Luigi Galvani

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_Muzzi,_Luigi_Galvani_compie_esperimenti_con_la_macchina_elettrostatica_alla_presenza_dei_familiari,_1862.png?uselang=nl

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galvani-frogs-legs-electricity.jpg

 

The Treshing Machine

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Les_Moissonneurs.jpg?uselang=fr

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_DeWint_-_Threshing_Corn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

 

Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jules_Didier_-_D%C3%A9part_de_L%C3%A9on_Gambetta_pour_Tours_sur_le_ballon_l%27%22Armand-Barb%C3%A8s%22,_le_7_octobre_1870,_%C3%A0_Montmartre_-_P1225_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascensi%C3%B3n_de_un_Montgolfier_en_Aranjuez.jpg

 

Edward Jenner

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Jenner_vaccinating_a_boy._Oil_painting_by_E.-E._Hille_Wellcome_L0029094.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melingue_Jenner.jpg

 

Alessandro Volta

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Painting_of_Volta_by_Bertini_(photo).jpeg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_pile_de_Volta_(Le_Petit_journal).jpg

 

Robert Fulton

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Fulton,_1806,_London,_England,_painted_by_Benjamin_West,_American,_1738-1820_Fenimore_Art_Museum,_Cooperstown,_N.Y._N0218.1961.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Steamboat,_Seascape_with_Porpoises,_by_%C3%89douard_Manet.JPG

 

Antoine and Marie Anne Lavoisier

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_and_His_Wife.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Langenmantel_Lavoisiers_Verhaftung.jpg

 

René Laennec

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laennec_-_Th%C3%A9obald_Chartran.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Premiere_auscultation_LACMA_M.80.277.91.jpg

 

William Henry Fox Talbot, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Daguerre,_Louis_-_The_Effect_of_Fog_and_Snow_Seen_through_a_Ruined_Gothic_Colonnade_-_1826.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philipp_Sporrer_Das_Foto_1870.jpg

 

Michael Faraday

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Professor_Faraday_lecturing_at_the_Royal_Institution,_27th_December,_1855_RIIC_0006_20110213_BAL_EP.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M_Faraday_Lab_H_Moore.jpg

 

Ada Lovelace

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ada_Lovelace.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_(English)_School_-_Charles_Babbage_(1792%E2%80%931871)_-_814168_-_National_Trust.jpg

 

Charles Darwin

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg

 

William Morton

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1753_Traversi_Operation_anagoria.JPG

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ether_Day,_or_The_First_Operation_with_Ether_by_Robert_C._Hinckley.jpg

 

Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_discovery_of_quinine,_1820._Oil_painting_by_Ernest_Board_Wellcome_V0018143.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ernest_H%C3%A9bert_-_The_Mal%27aria_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

 

Samuel Morse

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Men_of_Progress.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallery_of_the_Louvre_1831-33_Samuel_MorseFXD.jpg

 

William Thomson, Lord Kelvin

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lord_Kelvin_%28Sir_William_Thomson%29_%281824_-_1907%29_Wellcome_V0017943.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_King_(1818-1896)_-_William_Thomson,_Baron_Kelvin_-_NPG_1708_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg

 

Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lister_spraying_phenol_over_patient.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Than_M%C3%B3r_Semmelweis_Ign%C3%A1c.png

 

Gregor Mendel

https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fairbanks_-_Mendel_Seed_Shape_%26_Color.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Gregor_Johann_Mendel_by_Daniel_J._Fairbanks.jpg

 

Louis Pasteur

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_de_Vos_-_The_Leopard_Hunt_-_WGA25326.jpg

Dmitri Mendeleev

Dmitri Mendeleev at the working desk, 1886 Nikoli Yareshenko

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg

 

Karl Benz and Henry Ford

https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.87.186

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ramon_Casas_-_Ramon_Casas_and_Pere_Romeu_in_an_Automobile_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

 

Thomas Edison

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Archibald_Anderson_-_Thomas_Alva_Edison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:His_Master%27s_Voice.jpg

 

Aimé Argand and Thomas Edison

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harriet_Backer_-_By_Lamp_Light_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Peale_by_Charles_Wilson_Peale.jpg

 

Guglielmo Marconi

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SS_Ponce_Entering_New_York_Harbor_1899,_by_Milton_J._Burns.jpg

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjh/s13129-021-00021-w#ref-CR31

 

Alexander Bell

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Wycliffe_Lowes_Forster_-_Alexander_Graham_Bell_-_NPG.85.74_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Georg_Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Die_Erwartete.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%27Telephone_Operator%27_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker.JPG

 

Marie Curie

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie,_he_holding_aloft_a_glowing_specimen_Wellcome_V0001397.jpg

https://www.pavelsokov.com/workszoom/3376701/marie-skand322odowska-curie#/

 

Wilhelm Röntgen

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen_looking_into_an_X-ray_screen_placed_Wellcome_L0027361.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:W._C._Roentgen,_professor_of_physics_at_Giessen,_Wuerzburg_a_Wellcome_V0005058.jpg

 

Wright brothers and Alberto Santos

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_Official_Airmail_Flight,_McLeansboro,_Illinois,_September_26,_1912_SAAM-1974.28.98_1.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Daedalus_and_Icarus,_by_van_Dyck.JPG

 

Alexander Fleming

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Alexander_Fleming,_Frs,_the_Discoverer_of_Penicillin_Art.IWMARTLD4217.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg

 

Marco Polo

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caravane_Marco_Polo.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tranquillo_da_cremona,_Marco_Polo_alla_Corte_del_Gran_Khan,_1863.PNG

Cristopher Columbus

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emanuel_Gottlieb_Leutze_-_Columbus_Before_the_Queen.JPG

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WC_Delacroix,Eugene_The_Return_of_Christopher_Columbus.jpg

 

Vasco da Gama

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_chegada_de_Vasco_da_Gama_a_Calicute_em_1498.jpg

 

Ferdinand Magellan

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magellans_death.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Discovery_of_the_Straits_of_Magellan_in_1520_%28engraving_after_O.W._Brierly%29.jpg

 

Robert Wood and James Dawkins

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_G_Schmalz_-_Zenobia%27s_last_look_on_Palmyra_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gavin_Hamilton_(1723-1798)_-_James_Dawkins_and_Robert_Wood_Discovering_the_Ruins_of_Palmyra_-_NG_2666_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg

 

James Cook

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Endeavour_off_the_coast_of_New_Holland,_by_Samuel_Atkins_c.1794.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay,_29_April_1770_(painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox).jpg

 

David Livingstone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Morton_Stanley_meeting_David_Livingstone_at_Ujiji,_in_Wellcome_V0006855.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Morton_Stanley_and_David_Livingstone_on_the_River_Ruzi_Wellcome_V0018843.jpg

 

The Windmill

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Gabri%C3%ABl_-_In_de_maand_juli.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mill.jpg

 

Glass Blowing

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Frederick_Ulrich_-_The_Glass_Blowers_%281883%29.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Frederic_Ulrich_-glass_blowers_of_Murano.jpg

 

Spectacles

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:38_Ugo_da_San_Caro.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Herlin,_Reading_Saint_Peter_(1466).jpg

 

Gunpowder plot and dynamite

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Nobel_%281915%29.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guy_fawkes_henry_perronet_briggs.jpg

 

The Plough

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Vincent_-_La_Le%C3%A7on_de_labourage.gif

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

 

Blood Transfusion

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Blundell_(physician).jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blundell%27s_method_of_blood_transfusion_Wellcome_M0014653.jpg

 

Thermometer

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Ancher,_Den_syge_pige,_1882,_KMS4002,_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg

 

The Bicycle

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Georges_Gaudy_-_Cycles_et_Automobiles_Legia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hy_Sandham,_Bicycling,_1887.jpg

 

The Steam Locomotive

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Powell_Frith_The_Railway_Station.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Turner_-_Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg

 

Tulip Mania

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger,_Satire_on_Tulip_Mania,_c._1640.jpg

 

Philosopher’s stone

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Midas_gold2.jpg

 

The First Academic Societies

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Portraits_of_the_Academicians_of_the_Royal_Academy,_1771-72,_oil_on_canvas,_The_Royal_Collection_by_Johan_Zoffany.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colbert_Presenting_the_Members_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Sciences_to_Louis_XIV_in_1667.PNG

 

The Orrery

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cellarius_ptolemaic_system.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wright_of_Derby,_The_Orrery.jpg

 

Railroad Construction

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Last_Spike_1869.jpg

 

Bloodletting

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_lady_fainting_after_bloodletting._Oil_painting_after_Eglon_Wellcome_V0017315.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Franszn_%28ca_1635-1708%29_and_family_in_his_barber-surgeon_shop,_by_Egbert_van_Heemskerck_%28ca_1634_-_1704%29.jpg

 

American Medical Association

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Eakins,_American_-_Portrait_of_Dr._Samuel_D._Gross_(The_Gross_Clinic)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Agnew_Clinic_-_Thomas_Eakins.jpg

 

Red Cross

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yvon_Bataille_de_Solferino_Compiegne.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_I;_The_Red_Cross_in_the_trenches._Oil_painting_by_Wellcome_V0018242.jpg

 

Fraud in Science

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Piltdown_gang_(dark).jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Steen_-_Village_Quack_before_an_Inn.jpg

 

Transatlantic cable

https://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/policies-and-documents/open-access

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantic_Cable_Expedition_July_28_1866,_S.S._%27Gt._Eastern%27_at_Mark_Buoy_preparing_to_land_the_shore_end_cable_at_%27Heart%27s_Content%27.jpg

 

Science and Religion

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Huntington_Philosophy_and_Christian_Art.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tiffany_Education_(center).JPG