References
The references associated with the book “Painted Science” can be found below. The overview below is regularly updated or supplemented by the author.
References are listed in order of the page numbering of the book.
Comments on the references are very welcome. Please use the contact form to submit suggestions to the author.
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Mathematics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedean_solid
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pacioli/
https://www.storyofmathematics.com/19th_gauss.html/
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gauss/
Anatomy
https://www.auladeanatomia.com/en/anatomia/431/history-of-anatomy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21509810/
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/r5gsqhwk/images?id=qcwk5am9
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mondino-de-Luzzi
Alchemy
https://www.mauritshuis.nl/ontdek-collectie/kunstwerken/261-de-alchemist/
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/alchemist
https://www.worldhistory.org/Alchemy/
Osteology
http://gurneyjourney.blogspot.com/2021/05/science-is-measurement.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science_is_measurement_Stacy_Marks.jpg
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/osteology
https://hart.amsterdam/nl/collectie/object/amcollect/38497
Geography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geographer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography
https://www.thoughtco.com/alexander-von-humboldt-1435029
Astronomy
https://aeon.co/essays/how-european-sailors-learned-celestial-navigation
http://www.essentialvermeer.com/dutch-painters/dutch_art/leeuwenhoek.html
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/astronomer-by-candlelight-gerrit-dou/jgGoA4yy8adYug?hl=en
Bologna University
http://www.panopticondibologna.it/Luoghi/museo-medievale/Tombe%20dottori/tombe-dottori-.html
https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/iv1-lectures
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna
Oxford University
https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/Oxford-at-the-Olympics
https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history
https://www.oxford-royale.com/articles/amazing-oxford-traditions/
https://artvee.com/dl/a-view-of-oxford/
Cambridge University
https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/degree-ceremonies/ceremony
https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/early-records
Salamanca University
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Salamanca
https://alumni.usal.es/en/comunidad/historia-de-la-usal/
Sorbonne University
https://en.parisinfo.com/paris-museum-monument/72515/Chapelle-de-la-Sorbonne
https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/48631
Leiden University
http://nl.wikisage.org/wiki/Universiteit_Leiden
https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2019/07/how-leiden-became-the-wonder-of-europe
https://www.wearefreemovers.com/universities/leiden-university/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University_Library
Pythagoras
https://www.rct.uk/collection/403500/pythagoras-advocating-vegetarianism
https://compassionatespirit.com/wpblog/2022/04/04/fish-stories-about-pythagoras/
https://vegsoc.org/about-us/world-history-of-vegetarianism/
https://www.livescience.com/pythagoras
https://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/pythag/pythag.html
Socrates
https://www.thecollector.com/alcibiades-general-and-lover
https://www.thecollector.com/what-is-plato-symposium-ancient-greek-socrates/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_problem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Socrates
http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-the-trial-and-death-of-socrates/#gsc.tab=0
Hippocrates
https://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2013/06/should-physicians-treat-their-enemies.html
https://www.getty.edu/news/exhibition-rubens-inspiration-ancient-greece-rome/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4263393/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19567383/
https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/funny-science-hippocratic-medicine-and-four-humours
Aristotle
https://smarthistory.org/rembrandt-aristotle-homer/
https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle/
https://www.worldhistory.org/aristotle/
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/365943?journalCode=cp
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/famous-paintings/school-of-athens.htm
Euclid
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Euclid-Greek-mathematician
https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/108GV4
https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/who-was-euclid
Archimedes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Archimedes
https://www.worldhistory.org/Archimedes/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(213%E2%80%93212_BC)
Aelius Galen
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/nyc53zq3
https://www.greece-is.com/a-meeting-of-the-minds-hippocrates-galen/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galen
Flavio Gioja
https://dbpedia.org/page/Flavio_Gioja
https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/2-magnetic-compass
https://www.dalvey.com/ca/blog/the-history-of-the-compass
Johannes Gutenberg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press
https://www.livescience.com/43639-who-invented-the-printing-press.html
https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=280
https://random-treasure.com/2018/01/26/outmoded-but-not-quite-forgotten/
Leonardo da Vinci
https://innovation-entrepreneurship.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13731-017-0077-9
https://artincontext.org/the-vitruvian-man-da-vinci/
https://www.da-vinci-inventions.com/
https://www.historyhit.com/leonardo-da-vincis-most-important-inventions/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci
Gabriel Fallopius
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/p5xz7f8s/images?id=q4x8hyas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Falloppio
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29286023/
https://emh30.ace.fordham.edu/2018/12/06/syphilis-and-popular-renaissance-culture/
Nicolaus Copernicus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer_Copernicus,_or_Conversations_with_God
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy
Andreas Vesalius
https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/andreas-vesalius-1514-1564
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/Images/1200_pixels/Vesalius_Pg_164.jpg
https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1002960
Gerard Mercator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection
William Lee
https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Lee
https://www.thehistoryofart.org/william-adolphe-bouguereau/knitting-girl/
https://www.makersmercantile.com/history-of-knitting-a-resource-guide.htm
William Gilbert
https://www.studysmarter.us/explanations/history/elizabethan-era/queen-elizabeth-i/
https://www.new-science-theory.com/william-gilbert.php
Galileo Galilei
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei/Telescopic-discoveries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_affair
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei
https://www.theflorentine.net/2017/12/04/john-milton-florence-italy/
William Harvey
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/wkue7n2w
https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Harvey
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15365594/
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/skj2d74p/images?id=jwpexqb8
René Descartes
http://www.cachecoins.org/christina_sweden.htm
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/
https://talonbooks.com/meta-talon/a-scene-queen-christina-and-descartes-on-love
Evalngelista Torricelli
https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/repairing-the-barometer-201955
https://www.softschools.com/inventions/history/barometer_history/20/
https://study.com/learn/lesson/what-is-a-barometer-function-history-uses.html
Robert Boyle and Otto von Guericke
https://www.britannica.com/technology/air-pump
http://physicsexperiments.eu/4304/magdeburg-hemispheres
https://sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/pumped-up/
https://targetstudy.com/knowledge/invention/33/air-pump.html
Blaise Pascal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_law
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/zpgq8m6z/images?id=pa89ty8v
https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/when-blaise-pascal-met-rene-descartes-1337242.html
Robert Hooke
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Hooke
https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/museum/history-and-stories/the-great-fire-of-london/
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/blog/robert-hooke-rebuilding-london-after-great-fire
Christiaan Huygens
https://revolutionwatch.com/watches-in-art/
https://www.thoughtco.com/clock-and-calendar-history-1991475
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices
https://www.thehistoryofart.org/william-hogarth/miss-mary-edwards/
https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.32682.html
Isaac Newton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton
https://www.biography.com/scientists/isaac-newton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon
Maria Sybilla Merian
https://www.botanicalartandartists.com/about-maria-sibylla-merian.html
https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=biofac
https://wams.nyhistory.org/early-encounters/dutch-colonies/maria-sibylla-merian/
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/v7rv44en/images?id=her9bevg
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Simarro_Lacabra
Edmond Halley
https://www.rct.uk/collection/407176/the-eve-of-the-deluge
https://www.rocketstem.org/2020/12/12/ice-and-stone-comet-of-week-51/
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/magnetic-mr-halley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet
John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey
https://www.mat.uc.pt/~helios/Mestre/Novemb00/H61iflan.htm
https://vanislemarina.com/the-sextant-a-celestial-navigation-tool/
https://oceannavigator.com/who-really-invented-the-sextant/
https://oceannavigator.com/who-really-invented-the-sextant/
Benjamin Franklin
https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/57044
http://www.benjamin-franklin-history.org/benjamin-franklin/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin
James Watt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Eckford_Lauder
https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-eckford-lauder
https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/steam-power/
Luigi Galvani
https://nationalmaglab.org/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/pioneers/luigi-galvani/
http://himetop.wikidot.com/luigi-galvani-esperimenti-sulla-rana-1862-by-a-muzzi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Galvani
Andrew Meikle
https://www.vita-romae.com/ancient-roman-mills.html
http://www.edubilla.com/invention/threshing-machine/
https://rootsofprogress.org/why-did-we-wait-so-long-for-the-threshing-machine
https://engineeringhalloffame.org/profile/andrew-meikle
Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfier_brothers
https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/joseph-michel-and-jacques-etienne-montgolfier
https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/first-hot-air-balloon-flight
https://www.space.com/16595-montgolfiers-first-balloon-flight.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta
Edward Jenner
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/nydcz5uy/images?id=jjcjzgku
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html
https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/28456/28456-h/28456-h.htm#page263
Alessandro Volta
https://www.antichitafiorio.com/alessandro-volta-scienziato-modernoloredana-carena
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Volta
https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/biography/AlessandroVolta.html
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k716466w
Robert Fulton
https://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/4012050685/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Fulton-American-inventor
https://study.com/learn/lesson/robert-fulton-biography-invention-steamboat.html
https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/technology-biographies/robert-fulton
Antoine and Marie Anne Lavoisier
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jldv/hd_jldv.htm
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antoine-Lavoisier
https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/lavoisier.html
René Laennec
https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/110/1/9/2631738
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570491/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necker%E2%80%93Enfants_Malades_Hospital#History
William Henry Fox Talbot, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tlbt/hd_tlbt.htm
https://upagallery.com/alternative-process/2014724photographys-parallel-histories/
https://www.academia.edu/37589428/Replacing_History_William_Henry_Fox_Talbot_In_Camera
https://eclecticlight.co/2018/02/09/the-tables-turned-painters-paint-photographers/
Michael Faraday
https://www.powermag.com/history-of-power-the-evolution-of-the-electric-generation-industry/
https://study.com/learn/lesson/michael-faraday-inventions-discoveries.html
https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-generator
Ada Lovelace
https://www.britannica.com/technology/digital-computer
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Babbage
https://www.mpg.de/female-pioneers-of-science/Ada-Lovelace
Charles Darwin
https://www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-voyage-of-the-beagle/chapter-10.html
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/hms-beagle-darwins-trip-around-world/
William Morton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._G._Morton
Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481422/
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/xhfb4nab
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/quinine
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36410328/
Samuel Morse
https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.65.60
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/men-of-progress-christian-schussele/RgEfRXyGyDY8EQ?hl=en
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-F-B-Morse
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin
https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/Baron-Kelvin-Of-Largs/
https://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/lord-kelvin/discoveries.html
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lord-kelvin-1907-12-28/
https://atlantic-cable.com/CablePioneers/Kelvin/
Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister
https://www.theconflictjourney.com/2015/05/15/38-dr-semmelweis-conflict/
https://www.pastmedicalhistory.co.uk/ignaz-semmelweis-the-saviour-of-mothers/
https://jade-lennon.medium.com/why-dr-semmelweis-lost-his-mind-cc23f95821a3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister
Gregor Mendel
https://www2.edc.org/weblabs/mendel/mendelsTeacherManual.html
Louis Pasteur
http://daredart.blogspot.com/p/albert-edelfelt-portrait-de-louis.html
https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/body.html
https://sciencehistory.org/education/scientific-biographies/louis-pasteur/
Dmitri Mendeleev
https://www.newscientist.com/people/dmitri-mendeleev/
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/periodic-table-history-chemical-elements-150-anniversary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev
Karl Benz and Henry Ford
https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/carl-benz
https://corporate.ford.com/articles/history/the-model-t.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford
https://amananjay.medium.com/how-henry-ford-revolutionized-the-assembly-line-a909152133a3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Casas_and_Pere_Romeu_in_an_Automobile
Thomas Edison
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Barraud
https://www.si.edu/object/thomas-alva-edison%3Anpg_NPG.65.23
https://www.canterburymuseum.com/explore/our-stories/his-masters-voice
Aimé Argand and Thomas Edison
https://www.norwegianamerican.com/harriet-backer-a-gifted-determined-artist/
https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-light-bulb
https://www.history.com/news/when-edison-turned-night-into-day
Guglielmo Marconi
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/guglielmo-marconi
https://study.com/learn/lesson/guglielmo-marconi-inventions-biography-radio.html
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1909/marconi/facts/
Alexander Graham Bell
http://www.telcomhistory.org/resources/online-exhibits/telephone-company-histories/
Marie Curie
https://www.britannica.com/video/201446/World-War-I-Marie-Curie-labs-fleet
https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/marie-curie
https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/unstable.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize#Family_laureates
Wilhelm Röntgen
https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200111/history.cfm
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/perspectives/
Wright brothers and Alberto Santos Dumont
https://www.greekmyths-greekmythology.com/myth-of-daedalus-and-icarus/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmail
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers
https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/1903-wright-flyer/nasm_A19610048000
https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200407/history.cfm
https://econterms.net/aero/Alberto_Santos-Dumont
Alexander Fleming
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/fleming/biographical/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Fleming
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/209536
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520913/
Marco Polo
https://gohighbrow.com/marco-polo-1254-1324/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marco-Polo
https://www.livescience.com/27513-marco-polo.html
Cristopher Columbus
https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/fbb06e57-759f-43c2-bf3b-792cee697ee2/external_content.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3818081
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/columbus-sets-sail/
https://academic.oup.com/book/36754/chapter-abstract/321855123?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false
https://www.sartle.com/artwork/the-return-of-christopher-columbus-eugene-delacroix
https://www.sartle.com/artwork/columbus-before-the-queen-emanuel-leutze
Vasco da Gama
https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/modern-world-history/portuguese-east-indies/
https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2021-11-15_151046.html
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2025/the-portuguese-conquest-of-india/
Da Gama’s Blundering: Trade Encounters in Africa and Asia during the European ‘Age of Discovery,’ 1450-1520
Robert S. Wolff
Ferdinand Magellan
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Strait_of_Magellan
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Magellan
Robert Wood and James Dawkins
https://www.19thcenturyart-facos.com/artwork/wood-and-dawkins-discovering-palmyra
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/23/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zenobia
James Cook
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Endeavour#Outward_voyage
https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/hms-endeavour-250.html
https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/first-voyage-of-james-cook
https://www.bl.uk/the-voyages-of-captain-james-cook/articles/the-third-voyage-of-james-cook
David Livingstone
https://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/l-m/livingstone-david-1813-1873/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Livingstone
https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/05/27/they-found-source-nile-became-lifelong-enemies/
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/henry-morton-stanleys-unbreakable-will-99405/
https://www.history.com/news/when-stanley-met-livingstone
The Windmill
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical-axis_wind_turbine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panemone_windmill
https://www.molens.nl/ontdek-molens/soorten-molens
http://www.artweekenders.com/europe/the-netherlands/zaanstad/zaanse-schans-windmills-dutch-art/
Glass Blowing
https://www.britannica.com/technology/glassblowing
https://mymodernmet.com/history-of-glass-making/
https://europeforvisitors.com/venice/articles/murano_the_glass_island.htm
Spectacles
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_da_Modena
https://www.scribd.com/document/84929847/Pinhole-Glasses
Gunpowder and Dynamite
https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/gunpowder-plot
https://www.britannica.com/technology/gunpowder
https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/nitroglycerine-and-dynamite/
The Plough
https://interestingengineering.com/lists/ancient-egyptian-technology-and-inventions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughing_in_the_Nivernais
Blood Transfusion
https://nyamcenterforhistory.org/tag/blood-transfusion/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blundell_%28physician%29
The Thermometer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_%28painting%29
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586218/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
https://time.com/6053214/thermometer-history/
The Bicycle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Londonderry
http://www.bicyclehistory.net/bicycle-history/history-of-bicycle/
https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-invention-of-the-bicycle-inpi/mwXRBYATtgPOLg?hl=en
https://evelo.com/pages/history-of-the-bicycle
The Steam Locomotive
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive
https://www.railwaymuseum.org.uk/node/13296
https://heritage.stockton.gov.uk/articles/stories/stockton-where-passenger-railways-began/
Tulip Mania
https://www.mauritshuis.nl/ontdek-collectie/kunstwerken/146-de-anatomische-les-van-dr-nicolaes-tulp/
http://drtulp.nl/history-of-dr-tulp/
https://www.beursgeschiedenis.nl/en/moment/first-rules-for-share-trading/
The Philosopher’s Stone
https://www.greeka.com/greece-myths/king-midas/
https://www.theoi.com/articles/important-facts-about-king-midas-daughter-marigold/
https://www.derbymuseums.org/collection/joseph-wright-of-derby/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophers-stone
First Academic Societies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences
https://www.rct.uk/collection/400747/the-academicians-of-the-royal-academy
https://www.reseau-canope.fr/docsciences/Colbert-presente-a-Louis-XIV-les.html
https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/2004ESASP1278..157V/0000160.000.html
https://artsandculture.google.com/story/meet-the-founders-of-the-royal-academy/GQXRdnTqXTAJIg
https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/the-royal-academicians-in-general-assembly-1
The Orrery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Philosopher_Lecturing_on_the_Orrery
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32948
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonia_Macrocosmica
Railroad Construction
https://archive.org/details/russia00dobsrich/page/314/mode/1up?view=theater
https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14765661255/
https://www.american-rails.com/crpcf.html
https://railroad.lindahall.org/essays/brief-history.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Trans-Siberian-Railroad
Bloodletting
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/qu34g4zt
https://www.skillsplatform.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-phlebotomy/
https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/master-paintings-part-i-n09302/lot.58.html
The American Medical Association
Red Cross
https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/misc/57jnvq.htm
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/dunant/biographical/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Dunant
Fraud in Science
https://gslpicturelibrary.org.uk/discussion-on-the-piltdown-skull/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/solving-the-piltdown-man-scientific-fraud/
Quackery: A Brief History of Quack Medicines & Peddlers
The Tranatlantic cable
https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-14853
https://www.britannica.com/technology/transatlantic-cable
https://ethw.org/Milestones:Landing_of_the_Transatlantic_Cable,_1866
Science and religion
https://useum.org/artwork/Philosophy-and-Christian-Art-Daniel-Huntington
https://biologos.org/common-questions/are-science-and-christianity-at-war
https://collections.lacma.org/node/236746
Mathematics
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pacioli.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg
Anatomy
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mundinus_V0018153.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vesalius_Fabrica_fronticepiece.jpg
Alchemy
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_alchemist,_by_David_Teniers_(II).jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L%27alchimiste_-_David_Teniers_the_Younger.png
Osteology
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science_is_measurement_Stacy_Marks.jpg
Geography
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Geographer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Astronomy
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Astronomer_-_WGA24685.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dou_Astronomer-by-candlelight.jpg
Bologna University
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4t_Bologna_Deutsche_Nation.jpg
Oxford University
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:High_Street,_Oxford_(painting),_by_Turner_(1810)_crop.jpg
Cambridge University
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clare_Hall,_Turner_1793.jpeg
Salamanca University
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Class_at_Salamanca.jpg
Sorbonne University
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_of_doctors_at_the_university_of_Paris.jpg
Leiden University
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leiden_1610.jpg
Pythagoras
Socrates
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Death_of_Socrates_MET_DT40.jpg
Hippocrates
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocrates_rubens.jpg
Aristotle
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_Aristotle_with_a_Bust_of_Homer_-_WGA19232.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg
Euclid
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Marol%C3%AC_-_Euclid_of_Megara.jpg
Archimedes
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Death_of_Archimedes_(1815)_by_Thomas_Degeorge.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg
Aelius Galen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates#/media/File:Galenoghippokrates.jpg
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/nyc53zq3
Flavio Gioja
Johannes Gutenberg
Leonardo da Vinci
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_retrata_a_la_Gioconda,_por_Cesare_Maccari.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg
Gabriel Fallopius
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrerSyphilis1496.jpg?uselang=de
Nicolaus Copernicus
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Matejko-Astronomer_Copernicus-Conversation_with_God.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg
Andreas Vesalius
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Andre_Vesale_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vesalius-copy.jpg
Gerard Mercator
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gerardo_Mercatore_-_Gerardus_Mercator.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Bellemans_-_Mercator_And_Ortelius.jpg
William Lee
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KnittingMadonna.jpg
William Gilbert
Galileo Galilei
William Harvey
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Harvey_(1578-1657)_Venenbild.jpg
René Descartes
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dispute_of_Queen_Cristina_Vasa_and_Rene_Descartes.png
Evangelista Torricelli
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_von_Humboldt_and_Mother.jpg
Robert Boyle and Otto von Guericke
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Shannon_Portrait_of_the_Hon_Robert_Boyle.jpg
Blaise Pascal
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/zpgq8m6z
Robert Hooke
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Mathematician_1680c.jpg?uselang=fr
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Fire_London.jpg
Christiaan Huygens
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Family_Portrait_A12444.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Miss_Mary_Edwards_-_Hogarth_1742.jpg
Isaac Newton
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Newton-WilliamBlake.jpg
Maria Sybilla Merian
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bildnis_der_Maria_Sibylla_Merian,_1679.jpg
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Dr_Simarro_at_the_microscope.JPG
Edmond Halley
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Martin_-_The_Eve_of_the_Deluge_-_WGA14146.jpg
John Hadley, Thomas Godfrey
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pietro_Narducci,_Ritratto_di_Barnaba_Oriani,_1830.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WinslowHomer-Eight_Bells_1886.jpg
Benjamin Franklin
https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/benjamin-franklin
James Watt
Luigi Galvani
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galvani-frogs-legs-electricity.jpg
The Treshing Machine
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Les_Moissonneurs.jpg?uselang=fr
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_DeWint_-_Threshing_Corn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascensi%C3%B3n_de_un_Montgolfier_en_Aranjuez.jpg
Edward Jenner
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melingue_Jenner.jpg
Alessandro Volta
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Painting_of_Volta_by_Bertini_(photo).jpeg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_pile_de_Volta_(Le_Petit_journal).jpg
Robert Fulton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Steamboat,_Seascape_with_Porpoises,_by_%C3%89douard_Manet.JPG
Antoine and Marie Anne Lavoisier
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_and_His_Wife.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Langenmantel_Lavoisiers_Verhaftung.jpg
René Laennec
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laennec_-_Th%C3%A9obald_Chartran.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Premiere_auscultation_LACMA_M.80.277.91.jpg
William Henry Fox Talbot, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philipp_Sporrer_Das_Foto_1870.jpg
Michael Faraday
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M_Faraday_Lab_H_Moore.jpg
Ada Lovelace
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ada_Lovelace.jpg
Charles Darwin
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg
William Morton
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1753_Traversi_Operation_anagoria.JPG
Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ernest_H%C3%A9bert_-_The_Mal%27aria_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Samuel Morse
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Men_of_Progress.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallery_of_the_Louvre_1831-33_Samuel_MorseFXD.jpg
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin
Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lister_spraying_phenol_over_patient.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Than_M%C3%B3r_Semmelweis_Ign%C3%A1c.png
Gregor Mendel
https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fairbanks_-_Mendel_Seed_Shape_%26_Color.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Gregor_Johann_Mendel_by_Daniel_J._Fairbanks.jpg
Louis Pasteur
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_de_Vos_-_The_Leopard_Hunt_-_WGA25326.jpg
Dmitri Mendeleev
Dmitri Mendeleev at the working desk, 1886 Nikoli Yareshenko
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg
Karl Benz and Henry Ford
https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.87.186
Thomas Edison
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:His_Master%27s_Voice.jpg
Aimé Argand and Thomas Edison
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harriet_Backer_-_By_Lamp_Light_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Peale_by_Charles_Wilson_Peale.jpg
Guglielmo Marconi
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjh/s13129-021-00021-w#ref-CR31
Alexander Bell
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Georg_Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Die_Erwartete.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%27Telephone_Operator%27_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker.JPG
Marie Curie
https://www.pavelsokov.com/workszoom/3376701/marie-skand322odowska-curie#/
Wilhelm Röntgen
Wright brothers and Alberto Santos
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Daedalus_and_Icarus,_by_van_Dyck.JPG
Alexander Fleming
Marco Polo
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caravane_Marco_Polo.jpg
Cristopher Columbus
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emanuel_Gottlieb_Leutze_-_Columbus_Before_the_Queen.JPG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WC_Delacroix,Eugene_The_Return_of_Christopher_Columbus.jpg
Vasco da Gama
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_chegada_de_Vasco_da_Gama_a_Calicute_em_1498.jpg
Ferdinand Magellan
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magellans_death.jpg
Robert Wood and James Dawkins
James Cook
David Livingstone
The Windmill
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Gabri%C3%ABl_-_In_de_maand_juli.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mill.jpg
Glass Blowing
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Frederick_Ulrich_-_The_Glass_Blowers_%281883%29.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Frederic_Ulrich_-glass_blowers_of_Murano.jpg
Spectacles
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:38_Ugo_da_San_Caro.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Herlin,_Reading_Saint_Peter_(1466).jpg
Gunpowder plot and dynamite
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Nobel_%281915%29.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guy_fawkes_henry_perronet_briggs.jpg
The Plough
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Blood Transfusion
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Blundell_(physician).jpg
Thermometer
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg
The Bicycle
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hy_Sandham,_Bicycling,_1887.jpg
The Steam Locomotive
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Powell_Frith_The_Railway_Station.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Turner_-_Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg
Tulip Mania
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger,_Satire_on_Tulip_Mania,_c._1640.jpg
Philosopher’s stone
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Midas_gold2.jpg
The First Academic Societies
The Orrery
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cellarius_ptolemaic_system.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wright_of_Derby,_The_Orrery.jpg
Railroad Construction
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Last_Spike_1869.jpg
Bloodletting
American Medical Association
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Agnew_Clinic_-_Thomas_Eakins.jpg
Red Cross
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yvon_Bataille_de_Solferino_Compiegne.jpg
Fraud in Science
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Piltdown_gang_(dark).jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Steen_-_Village_Quack_before_an_Inn.jpg
Transatlantic cable
https://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/policies-and-documents/open-access
Science and Religion
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Huntington_Philosophy_and_Christian_Art.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tiffany_Education_(center).JPG